Why do people believe in disinformation and conspiracy theories? Psychological effects that distort perception can help explain this. Here are a few (non-exhaustive) examples:
Algorithms personalize content, so users mainly see one-sided or extreme views – which then appear more common or acceptable. The effect is stronger in closed forums where like-minded individuals isolate themselves and reinforce each other’s worldview. Movements like QAnon show how conspiracy groups can develop their own worldview humor and language. This mix of isolation and in-group communication can lead to radicalization and societal division.
Also known as the herd effect or follow-the-crowd effect. People tend to align their views and actions with what they believe to be the majority opinion.
The sheer volume of valid and false information can overwhelm individuals and institutions alike. Digital media reach so many people so quickly that it becomes hard to evaluate or counter disinformation.
People often focus only on the information they see – especially if it confirms their beliefs – and ignore missing or contradictory details. Media content is always preselected. But algorithms can hide news that doesn’t match users’ presumed opinions.This distorts reality by narrowing the information considered in decision-making.
This occurs when people fail to recognize connections between pieces of information. Many news outlets rely on the same sources (e.g. press agencies), so messages often repeat – even if verified. On social media, however, even unverified claims may be echoed by many accounts, making them seem credible through repetition. This effect is deliberately used in disinformation to reinforce false narratives and block critical thinking.
